MELANOMA

Melanoma is the third most common type of skin cancer and accounts for approximately 10% of skin cancers. Although less common than other skin cancers, melanomas are the most aggressive and can spread to other organs if left untreated. Melanomas can be life-threatening with a fatality rate higher than basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma combined. Early detection and treatment is critical for curing this type of cancer.

Melanomas originate from melanocytes, which are pigment producing cells in the skin. Consequently, most melanomas present as pigmented lesions with color variation or dark pigment. In rare cases, some cancers may present as pink to red growths without pigment called “amelanotic melanoma”. Unlike BCCs and SCCs which are common on sun-exposed skin, melanomas are more common on the back in men and legs in women. A melanoma can present as a cancerous lesion by itself or can originate from a pre-existing mole. That is why it’s important for people to examine their skin regularly and monitor their moles for any changes, growth, or symptoms.

Risk factors for melanoma include:

• Presence of multiple moles, large or atypical (unusual-looking) moles

• First degree family member with melanoma

• Overexposure to sunlight

• Exposure to other sources of UV radiation, such as tanning beds

• Fair skin and sun sensitivity

• Immune system deficiency due to disease or organ transplantation

• Previous melanoma

A biopsy is often required to confirm the diagnosis of a melanoma. Treatment depends on size, depth, and location of the tumor. Surgical excision with appropriate margins and regular skin exams are often appropriate for superficial melanomas less than 1mm (0.1 cm) in depth. Larger or deeper lesions may require sentinel lymph node biopsy and adjuvant therapy in addition to surgical excision. People who develop any suspicious lesions that are changing, growing, bleeding or not healing, should consult a dermatologist, as early detection greatly increases the likelihood of a cure.

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Preventive Measures

Since the majority of skin cancers are due to UV radiation, sun protection and smart skin care are key factors in maintaining healthy skin and reducing the risks of skin cancer. According to the Skin Cancer Foundation, using a sunscreen with an SPF 15 or higher is an important part of a healthy skin regimen. However, sunscreen alone is not enough. The following guidelines help protect and care for your skin:

• Stay out of the sun during peak hours, from 10 am to 4 pm.

• Use a broad-spectrum (UVB/UVA) sunscreen with SPF 30+ as part of your daily regimen. For extended outdoor activity, use a broad spectrum sunscreen with SPF30+ and reapply every two hours. It’s best to apply sunscreen half an hour before going outdoors.

• Remember, sunscreen does not make you immune to the sun. It only delays the time it takes to burn! Seek the shade when possible.

• Cover up with clothing, including a broad-brimmed hat and sunglasses.

• Avoid tanning in the sun and tanning beds.

• Keep newborns out of the sun. Start using sunscreens on babies over the age of six months.

• Examine your skin monthly and contact your dermatologist if you notice any changes. For couples, its best to create a buddy system in which you examine your partner’s skin routinely.

Get regular skin examinations. It’s recommended that adults over the age of 40 get an annual skin exam by their dermatologist.